Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
The Scots Pine is a variable-sized conifer (up to 30 m) depending on soil type and climate, commonly found in mountainous areas. It grows throughout Europe and northern Asia. Pine buds are known for their soothing properties on the respiratory tract.

Honey
Honey is a complex substance composed of over 180 elements. Its primary components are sugars, with fructose (38%) and glucose (31%) being the most significant. These simple sugars require no digestion and are easily absorbed by the body.

Mallow (Malva sylvestris L.)
Mallow is a beautiful perennial plant with large flowers featuring three floral layers: a calicule with three free strips, a five-sepal calyx, and a five-petal purple-pink corolla shaped like a heart. Mallow leaves and flowers have emollient properties. With its calming and soothing effects, mallow helps relieve sensitive throats.

Propolis
Propolis is renowned for its richness in flavonoids (a class of polyphenols). Its antibacterial properties help maintain hive hygiene, earning it the title of the hive's "natural shield."

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
Also known as German chamomile, this small annual plant grows 20–50 cm tall and is commonly found along roadsides and uncultivated areas in many regions. It grows in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The entire plant, particularly the flowers, emits a strong aromatic scent when crushed and has a soothing effect.

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.)
This tall tree, native to Australia, can reach heights of up to 35 m in other countries. It has been acclimatized to most warm and dry regions globally and was quickly planted in subtropical areas of Asia and the Mediterranean basin. Indigenous Australians used its leaves for their soothing effects on the throat.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)
A small shrub that grows no taller than 30 cm, thyme is native to the Mediterranean basin and thrives in dry, rocky terrains. It is known for its ability to strengthen the immune system.

Additionally, honey contains a wide range of minor components, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, enzymes (glucose oxidase and catalase), ascorbic acid, carotenoids, organic acids, amino acids, proteins, α-tocopherol, and over 30 minerals (calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, copper, manganese, chlorine, etc.).